Verma, Aniket and Maken, Divyanshu and Avasthi, Hardik and Khatri, Sujal and Prakash, Amar (2026) Understanding the Limitations of Direct Geo-Referencing in Terrestrial Laser Scanning with GNSS. Defense Science Journal, 76 (3). pp. 360-367.

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Abstract

The use of a Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) to create terrain profiles and scan for opencast mines still relies on Ground Control Points (GCPs) for geo-referencing. The use of GCPs has several limitations related to the time and cost required for field measurements. Besides this, not all locations are suitable for GCP measurements due to poorly accessible terrain or security reasons. Direct geo-referencing technique for determining precise reflector target and TLS position and orientation in the TLS utilizing Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) with RTK methodology. This study aims to assess the backsight distance of the reflector target from the TLS in direct geo-referencing using precise coordinates of GNSS. In this study, the backsight distance result did not yield a positive correlation with its accuracy. A t-test has been done between TLS and Reflector distance and Delta. The t-test for statistical significance of the data found that the level of significance (P) is less than 0.0001. It shows statistically significant data at the confidence level of 95 %. The combination of GNSS and TLS is used in terms of accuracy and time, as GNSS helps in maintaining the precise coordinates, and the TLS scan covers larger-scale mapping activities like topographically survey.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Direct geo-referencing, Backsighting, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS)
Subjects:	Mine Subsidence
Divisions:	UNSPECIFIED
Depositing User:	Mr. B. R. Panduranga
Date Deposited:	28 Sep 2026 09:21
Last Modified:	28 Sep 2026 09:22
URI:	https://cimfr.csircentral.net/id/eprint/3050

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