Sridhar, C.N. and Subramani, T. and Gopinathan, P. and Huang, Zaixing (2026) Machine learning based hydrological mapping of groundwater nitrate hotspots under varying land use scenarios. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 144.

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Abstract

Groundwater (GDW) quality degradation driven by intensive land-use practices cause hazard to human health and sustainable development. This study evaluates hydrochemical regime, nitrate (NO3−) pollution, and associated health risks of GDW in the Pambar Basin using multi-season samples collected from 100 wells per season. Major ion chemistry and hydrochemical facies analyses revealed that 60–69% samples fall Ca–HCO3 type, indicating recent recharge influenced by land–water interactions and limited geochemical evolution. Around 27% of GDW samples, based on seasonally averaged NO3− range at each sampling locations, surpassed WHO drinking water range, with seasonal variations ranging from 23% to 32%, primarily attributed to fertilizer-intensive agriculture and animal manure inputs. The NO3− Pollution Index showed that 26–36% of samples across seasons exhibited moderate to very high pollution levels. Water Quality Index (WQI) assessment showed 70–75% of GDW samples require treatment prior to consumption, while fewer than 5% were unsuitable for use. Health risk assessment highlighted greater vulnerability among children and teens compared to adults. Machine learning techniques were utilized to analyse WQI variability, with the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) model showing superior performance across all seasons. The outcomes demonstrate the influence of unsustainable land management in groundwater quality deterioration and emphasize the necessity for integrated land–water managing tactics to mitigate nitrate contamination, protect public health, and support sustainable development goals.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Land-use impacts; Groundwater degradation; Human health risk; Seasonal variability; Machine learning
Subjects:	Calibration Cell
Divisions:	UNSPECIFIED
Depositing User:	Mr. B. R. Panduranga
Date Deposited:	16 Oct 2026 05:15
Last Modified:	16 Oct 2026 05:15
URI:	https://cimfr.csircentral.net/id/eprint/3053

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