Singh , Kshitindra Kumar (2025) Evaluation of groundwater quality of Rampur District, Uttar Pradesh, India: insight from Water Quality Index (WQI) and multivariate statistical analysis. Environmental Earth Sciences, 84.

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Abstract

The present study evaluates the groundwater (GW) quality of central part of the Rampur district. In total, 59 GW samples were collected during Pre-Monsoon (PrM), Monsoon (Mon), and Post-Monsoon seasons (PoM), respectively, and analysed for major physicochemical parameters including pH, EC, TDS, DO, F-, Cl-, HCO3-, SO42-, NO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+. The applicability of the groundwater quality index (GWQI) and multivariate statistical analysis, i.e., the correlation matrix and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), were further applied to GW quality data measured on thirteen parameters. The various water quality parameters were determined to assess the hydrochemistry of GW. The results revealed high concentrations of HCO3-, NO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+, some of which are above the prescribed limit of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and International Standards of the World Health Organization (WHO), which indicated GW quality deterioration in the region. A consistent cation trend (Ca+>Na+>Mg+>K+) and anionic trend (HCO₃->Cl->SO₄->NO₃->F-) were observed, suggesting a common source of origin. The Piper diagram demonstrated three geochemical facies of GW: Ca-Mg-HCO₃, Na-HCO₃, and a mixed Na-HCO₃ type. This indicates that water-rock interactions significantly influence groundwater chemistry, with most samples falling in the rock-dominance field. WQI maps highlighted significant water quality challenges in eastern Rampur and northeast of Shahabad tehsil. Statistical analysis has demonstrated strong correlations among various parameters, while PCA identified the key factors shaping the hydro-geochemistry of the groundwater. The results showed that integration of graphical methods and multivariate statistical analysis is an efficient approach for characterizing the hydrogeochemical status of groundwater.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Groundwater quality Physicochemical parameters WQI Correlation matrix PCA Rampur
Subjects:	Envieronmental Management Group
Divisions:	UNSPECIFIED
Depositing User:	Mr. B. R. Panduranga
Date Deposited:	28 Apr 2026 06:32
Last Modified:	28 Apr 2026 06:32
URI:	https://cimfr.csircentral.net/id/eprint/2976

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